![]() ![]() However, the WHO still considers iodine deficiency, which leads to hypothyroidism, the single most important preventable cause of brain damage worldwide ( WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD, 2007). The importance of thyroid function for brain development and cognitive function has been appreciated for over a century ( Curling, 1850, McCarrison, 1909) and is reflected in initiatives such as the World Health Organization (WHO)’s salt iodinization program and the newborn screening program for congenital hypothyroidism, which are now standard practices in many parts of the world. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programming of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. ![]() The fetal thyroid gland does not commence THs synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. Float one cheese slice into the center of each bowl of soup and top with baby basil leaves.Thyroid hormones (TH) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. When the soup is hot, stir in the corn and squash bits.Slice the cheese into six even pieces, and cut the rind from each piece.Add the reserved finely chopped squash and the corn kernels, and sauté, stirring constantly, just until the squash and corn are heated. In a skillet, melt the 2 teaspoons butter. When ready to serve the soup, pour it into a pan over medium-low heat.(Don’t use a fine-mesh strainer, or the soup will be too thin.) At this point you can continue making the soup or refrigerate the soup (and don’t forget to tightly wrap up and refrigerate the reserved finely chopped squash). Push the pureed mixture through a medium-mesh strainer. Take the pot off the heat, let cool for at least 30 minutes and then puree the squash mixture in a blender or food processor. Simmer until the squash is tender when pierced with a knife, about 20 minutes.Ladle in the warm stock and add the bigger chunks of squash. Cook until the onion is translucent, about 10 minutes. ![]() (Decrease the heat to medium-low and give it a few more minutes if you’re not standing over the pot.) After a few minutes, add the garlic. When the butter is melted, add the onion and cook over medium heat.
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